from
Sandra Solimano,
"Metaphors and Moves", in Maurizio Bolognini.
Infinito personale, Nuovi Strumenti, 2007,
pp. 17-18:
"I met Maurizio Bolognini for the first time
personally in 2003 when I invited him to Villa
Croce for the exhibition "The Journey of the
Immobile Man", an exhibition showing the works
of some of the major artists in the field of
international video art, from Paik to Bill
Viola. It was immediately clear that Maurizio's
work had little to do with the mimetic,
environmental or illusionistic use of video and
audio technologies to which the exhibition
referred. Emblematic and not without a certain
fascination was the simultaneous presence in two
connected and adjacent spaces of his Sealed
Computers and the virtual figure of Laurie
Anderson in miniature - almost a hologram but in
fact only a video-projection on a
three-dimensional outline.
More recently (2005) Bolognini put on a personal
show - almost a retrospective - for the Museo di
Villa Croce and on this occasion I had the
opportunity to deepen my knowledge of his work
through a conversation I had with him that was
then published in the catalogue. Despite - or
perhaps precisely because of - this opportunity,
I must say that my first reading of his work,
decidedly atypical compared to the rich
bibliography about him, continues to seem to me
to be a possible reading, which in some way
disregards the position of Bolognini in the
constellation of Technological Artists, and
brings him back into what is for me the more
familiar field of conceptual research and to one
of the central themes of Conceptual Art, that of
reflection on the great categories of existence,
the coordinates of space and time. From
Manzoni's Linea Infinita to On Kawara's One
Million Years, from Anselmo's Infinito to
Claudio Costa's much warmer and anthropological
incursions, the attempts to arrest in an image
or in an idea the elusive dimension of space
(and thus of time) is a thread running through
the artistic research of the latter half of the
twentieth century which, in these and other
artists, makes use of the categories of the
metaphor and the symbol, triggering off in the
spectator a mechanism of attunement and
complicity which in effect virtually completes
the paradox of an impossible materialization of
the infinite.
Maurizio Bolognini's out-of-control infinities
are located (provisionally) at the end of this
path, where there is a movement, which may not
appear evident to the distracted spectator, from
the virtuality of the idea to a reality where
space and time are truly (or at least
potentially) infinite......"
(Sandra Solimano)
from
Mario Costa, "Maurizio Bolognini or
Technological Asceticism", in Maurizio
Bolognini. Infinito personale, Nuovi
Strumenti, 2007, pp. 5-8:
"In 1925, Ortega y Gasset pointed out for the
first time the tendency in modern art towards
"dehumanization" and highlighted in particular
the total and intentional inexpressivity of both
works of art and artists: "there can be no doubt
that there is a trend towards the purification
of art. This need will lead to a progressive
elimination of human elements [...] And a moment
will come in this process when the human content
of the work of art will be so slight as to be
hardly perceptible [...] What is important is
the undoubted presence in the world of a new
aesthetic sensibility [ ...] the tendency to
'dehumanize' art [...] the art we are talking
about is not only 'inhuman' because it does not
contain human things but also because it
consists precisely in this 'dehumanizing'
activity [...] For the new artists aesthetic
pleasure derives from this triumph over the
human" [1].
Ortega, whose attitude towards this state of
affairs was one of some uncertainty and doubt
[2], was primarily interested in the
sociological aspects of the ensuing formation of
an art for that "class of the privileged" which
interested him so much, but, leaving this aside,
his observations were both ahead of their time
and extremely lucid and valuable.
What was missing from his analysis, however, was
an attempt to understand the causes of the
phenomenon he described, or rather - differently
expressed but amounting to the same thing - he
failed to make the connection that others would
later make in a rough way between it and what
had happened and was happening in the field of
technology.
For undoubtedly the "dehumanization" of art and
the "technologization" of the world go hand in
hand and are two sides of the same phenomenon.
Philosophical thought itself lives through the
development and the repercussions of technology
and each time can do nothing else but transform
into great metaphors ideals which are nothing
other than the being and the ways of functioning
of the technical devices of the time.
To take a single example: what was the effect of
the experiments carried out by Newton on the
"optical conprism" from 1664 onwards on the
philosophy of Spinoza, the constructor of
optical apparatuses and friend and correspondent
of Huygens?
Even in 1806, in Fichte's "The Way Towards the
Blessed Life", the "optical prism" continued to
perform its "ontological" function without it
being very clear whether it was a mere
illustration of the theory or indeed its matrix
and foundation: "your sensitive eye is a prism
in which the sensible world, which is in itself
pure, uniform and colourless, is refracted in
varied colours on the surface of things. You
certainly do not conclude that the world is in
itself coloured but only that it is refracted in
colours in your eye and on your eye through a
reciprocal action. You cannot see the colourless
ether; you can only think of it [...] divine
existence, existence in the sense in which I
understand it, in the sense, that is, of
manifestation and revelation, is absolutely and
necessarily in itself light, albeit interior and
spiritual light. This light, free of itself, is
divided and refracted in diverse and infinite
rays and thus in each of these separate rays is
distinguished from itself and from its primitive
source".[3] "The Way Towards the Blessed Life"
was written some years before Fichte's death,
and in it Fichte, with a strong ascetic
intonation, almost proposes the cancellation of
the very raison d'être of the individual, and
the fact that all his thinking revolves around
the functioning of a technical instrument, the
"optical prism", takes on an important meaning.
In short, "dehumanization", "technology" and
"asceticism" are intrinsically interlinked and
connected ideas, and often they work together.
This is true today more than ever.
In the twentieth century, and despite the
constant reappearance of neo-romantic and
variously expressionistic tendencies, the
intense activity of the "dehumanization of art"
proceeds, always in connection with the
irruption of technology, and it represents the
most lively part of the aesthetic
experimentation of our time and that which is
most appropriate to it.[4] Within this whole
context the work of Maurizio Bolognini takes on
paradigmatic and almost all-inclusive value and
meaning.
He started out, towards the end of the 1980s, in
a way which was already complete and everything
was clear to him from the very beginning.
"Inexpressivity" and the setting aside of all
interest in "subjectivity" with its interior
stories formed the starting point. He likewise
set aside "meaning" with its whole apparatus of
metaphors and symbols [...] Elsewhere I have
described the type of "exercises" he carries out
by activating in the abstract the physiology of
the electronic machine, and I have shown how
this physiology (lack of control, randomness,
flow, the acceptance of the hyper-subject...) is
objectivized and gives rise to a concrete and
varied series of works. [5] What remains for me
to say is that if in future we wish to capture
and understand the anthropological and spiritual
age we live in, we shall have to turn our
attention to these works by Bolognini."
(Mario Costa)
1. José
Ortega y Gasset - The Dehumanization of Art
(1925).
2. "It will be said that new art has not yet
produced anything which is worthwhile, and I
feel very inclined to think the same [...] Who
knows what proof of itself this nascent style
will give! The enterprise it undertakes is
marvellous: it wants to create something from
nothing. I hope that in future we will be
content with less and obtain more" (op.cit.).
3. Johann Gottlieb Fichte - The Way Towards the
Blessed Life (1806).
4. I have tried to illustrate and argue for what
may appear to be non-apodictic statements in
numerous parts of my theoretical and militant
work.
5. See my writings, to be found in various
catalogues: Maurizio Bolognini e la casualità
tecnologica (1996 and 2002), Bolognini e la
domesticazione del sublime (2003 and 2005),
Maurizio Bolognini: SMS Mediated Sublime (2004).
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The notion of the "infinite" finite, as puzzling
as that may sound, provides a possible clue to
the premise of this exhibition which
utilizes computer software that allows the
creation of an ongoing web of random images for
a virtually unlimited amount of time [...]
Bolognini's cryptic universe is silent and
inaccessible as a galaxy. Brilliant in
conception, Sealed Computers reference the
underpinning of artificial intelligence [...]
Generating images that would cover a surface
area of approximately four square miles a month,
the installation could feasibly cover every inch
of the world... (Lily Faust)
Maurizio Bolognini's installation Sealed
Computers [...] consists of over 200 computers
producing a continuous flow of random images.
These computers are sealed and left to work
indefinitely, and also remain unconnected to any
kind of output device. Machines don't like being
listened to and to be looked at when working
[...] As there is no visible result of what is
generated and exchanged by these machines, we
are left with a somewhat uncomfortable feeling
of an invisible, self-contained performativity
which cannot be controlled. [...] Bolognini's
Sealed Computers embody the invisible
performativity of code as a mute and autistic
entity or process. [...] [They are] generative
in the best sense of the word. [...] [They
don't] comply with the definitions of
"generative art" currently found in the area of
design [which] is interested predominantly in
the results created by generative processes. (Inke
Arns)
I must say that my first reading of his work,
decidedly atypical compared to the rich
bibliography about him, continues to seem to me
to be a possible reading, which in some way
disregards the position of Bolognini in the
constellation of Technological Artists, and
brings him back into what is for me the more
familiar field of conceptual research and to one
of the central themes of Conceptual Art, that of
reflection on the great categories of existence,
the coordinates of space and time. From
Manzoni’s Linea Infinita to On Kawara’s One
Million Years, from Anselmo’s Infinito […], the
attempts to arrest in an image or in an idea the
elusive dimension of space (and thus of time) is
a thread running through the artistic research
of the latter half of the twentieth century
which, in these and other artists, makes use of
the categories of the metaphor and the symbol.
Maurizio Bolognini’s out-of-control infinities
located (provisionally) at the end of this path,
where there is a movement […] from the
virtuality of the idea to a reality where space
and time are truly (although only potentially)
infinite." (Sandra Solimano)
…key to this all is Hansen's repeated insistence
on the digital domain as "the radically inhuman
universe of information" […] Hansen's
theoretical explorations would have been more
interesting from a new media point of view if he
would not have shunned everything that is not a
literal portrayal of the human body but would
have explored Bergsonian affective bodily
framing in works like, for example, Maurizio
Bolognini's Sealed Computers […] None of these
computers is connected to an output device and
consequently, none of the images will ever be
seen by human bodies. (Renè Beekman)
The "instructed" machines work in time; all
Bolognini does is to start them off. Then they
continue on their own, involving the temporal
and spatial dimensions, tending towards a
geographical vastness in which the image, the
sign, become a process of measurement. Perhaps
the most fascinating aspect of this research is
the possibility of unlimitedness. The drawing
designed by the artist and carried out by the
machine could be infinite, covering kilometres
of walls, each different from the other. [...]
Again utopia: the attempt to domesticate cahos
which goes far beyond the starting point; the
meaning is social, political in the universal
sense. (Angela Madesani)
A most radical gesture in this respect is the
project by Maurizio Bolognini, Sealed Computers
[…] the monitor buses of all the computers are
sealed with wax, and the installation offers no
indication of the communication between the
computers, or its results. What we can perceive
are the interconnected computers, humming, maybe
processing software. They are neither keeping a
collective secret from us - we would need to
subjectify the computers for this -, nor are
they even “conceiving” of the results of their
computations as visual structures. The worst is,
that we fear that in their network they might be
as alone as we are. The aesthetics of the
machinic is an experience that hinges on
machine-based processes which are beyond human
control. Neither leaving nature, nor switching
off the machine, is an option. (Andreas
Broeckmann)
His machines generate out-of-control infinities
of numbers, texts, inexhaustible sequences of
words and flows of images. They have been
delegated to make choices, and by limiting the
subjectivity of the artist they amplify his/her
gesture indefinitely and leave the public only
with the role of spectator. If a computer
programmed to produce random images is connected
up to a cellular phone network, this gives rise
to a process of communication which in the
transfer to the computer of a collective
intelligence allows the public to make a choice.
(Roberto Daolio)
In the multiple
installation CIM 3, the artist introduces
another element changing the meaning of his
action: the possibility given to the members of
the public to interact with and modify the
different flows of images using their own cell
phones, and to do so from physically dinstant
places. Thus a second medium (cellular network)
is added to the work generative process, which
enables both spatial multi-location and
democracy (public action). (Marinella Paderni)
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